Economic Impact of Anestrus and Reproductive Biotechnology to Reduce the Service Period of Holstein x Brahman Cows in Tropical Climates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55204/trc.v6i2.e741Keywords:
postpartum, anestrus, biotechnology, inseminationAbstract
A 12-month study was conducted to determine reproductive performance, the incidence of anestrus, and the effectiveness of artificial insemination, as well as to evaluate the economic benefit of using a biotechnical method to reduce the breeding interval in Holstein x Brahman cows under managed grazing, restricted lactation, and single milking. A herd of 1,500 animals located in western Cuba was used. Two studies were conducted using a mixed-methods concurrent experimental design. In Study #1, reproductive records were evaluated, and clinical gynecological examinations via rectal palpation and endocrine testing were performed on 117 cows to determine the incidence of anestrus. A standardized protocol was used that relies on progesterone levels in milk to monitor the biological events occurring before and after artificial insemination (n=111). In Study #2, the losses and economic benefits of implementing a biotechnical method to reduce the service period were estimated. According to the results, the reproductive performance of this herd was characterized by long calving intervals, a high incidence of anestrus, and low efficiency of artificial insemination services. The use of the biotechnical reproductive management procedure reduced losses by a factor of 9.8, with an economic benefit of 184 USD in the treated group compared to the control group.Downloads
References
Abebe, B Mulugeta Alemayehu (2021). Challenges and Opportunities on Estrus Synchronization and Mass Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows for Smallholders in Ethiopia. International Journal of Zoology Animals Vol (3) l 6;13(13):2224. doi: 10.3390/ani13132224
Baruselli P.S, Vieira L.M, Sá Filho M.F, Marques M.O.2015. Resynchronization programs in beef and dairy cattle. In: Caccia M, Bó GA, editors. Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Animal Reproduction. Institute of Animal Reproduction Cordoba (IRAC): Córdoba, Argentina; 2015. p. 235-256. https://iracbiogen.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/RESUMEN-11-Simposio-Internacional-de-Reproduccion-Animal.
Brito, C.R; S. Blanco; R. C. Calderón; B. Preval; E. Campos; 2001, Patología de la reproducción animal.Pp, 52-53, Editado por: Editorial Felix varela. La Habana,
Crowe M.A, Diskin M.G, Williams E.J. 2014Parturition to resumption of ovarian cyclicity: Comparative aspects of beef and dairy cows. Animal International Journal of Animal Bioscience. 8:40-53. [Internet]. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731114000251
Deka RP, Magnusson U, Grace D, Randolph TF, Shome R, Lindahl JF. 2021. Estimates of the Economic Cost Caused by Five Major Reproductive Problems in Dairy Animals in Assam and Bihar, India. Animals (Basel). 2021 Oct 30;11(11):3116. doi: 10.3390/ani11113116. PMID: 34827848; PMCID: PMC8614483.
Doo-San Kim , Ji-Hwan Le Gul-Won Jang; , Eun-Jeong Choi; , Jin-Ju Kim, Ji-An Lee; and Jun-Kyu Son1. 2021.The studies on characteristics of return to estrus in postpartum dairy cattle uJ Anim Reprod Biotechnol . 36(4): 230-238
Elmetwally M. A.2018. Uterine involution and ovarian activity in postpartum Holstein dairy cows. A review. Journal of Veterinary Healthcare. 1:29-40
Endo N. 2022.Possible causes and treatment trategies for the estrus and ovulation disorders in dairy cows. J Reprod Dev. 2022 Apr 1;68(2):85-89. doi: 10.1262/jrd.2021-125. Epub 2022 Feb 12. PMID: 35153250; PMCID: PMC8979803.
Enriquez M. F, Pérez-Torres L, Orihuela A, Rubio I, Corro M, Galina C. S.2021. Relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu-type cows (Bos indicus). Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology. 9. DOI: 10.31893/jabb.21024
Ferdows, M.D; Rahman1, M.M.D. Jalal Uddin Sarder, M.T. Rokeya Sultana, M.D. Hemayatul Islam and Wasikur Rahman. 2025. Efficacy of Different Anoestrus Treatment Protocols in Dairy Cows: A Field Study at Rajshahi Dairy Farm JETIR October , Volume 12, Issue 10 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
Galina C.S, Mariana Geffroy . 2023. Dual-Purpose Cattle Raised in Tropical Conditions: What Are Their Shortcomings in Sound Productive and Reproductive Function?. Animals (Basel). Jul 6;13(13):2224. doi: 10.3390/ani13132224
García P. M, Goodger W.J, Bennett T, Perera B.M. 2013. Uso de un protocolo estandarizado en 14 países para identificar factores que afectan la eficiencia de los servicios de inseminación artificial en ganado bovino a través de análisis de progesterona. Rev Investig Vet Del Peru. 12(2).: 1-6
González, J. C; O. Fernández; A. Gil; y F. Agüero.1998. Profilaxis de las endometritis mediante el uso de b3nzoato de estradiol. Rev. Salud. Anim. 20: 9-12,
González-Stagnaro,C;N.Madrid-Bury;E. Soto Belloso.1998. Mejora de la ganadería de doble propósito. Publicado por Universidad de Zulia. Fac. Med. Ciec. Vet. Fact.Agron. Condes- Girarz.Venezuela.1998. pp 666.
Grossi G., Goglio P., Vitali A., Williams A.G. 2018. Livestock and climate change: Impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies. Anim. Front. 2018;9:69–76. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Holy. L. (1987). Biología de la Reproducción Bovina. Editorial Científico Técnica. La Habana. Cuba
Kumar, r, P R, Rajanna R and Sunitha R. (2020). Anoestrus in bovines: A review article.The Pharma Innovation Journal. 9(9): 458-460
Le Blanc, L. 2012.Interactions of Metabolism, Inflammation, and Reproductive Tract Health in thePostpartum Period in Dairy Cattles. Reprod Dom Anim 47 (Suppl. 5), 18–30 ; doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02109.x
Macmillan K, Gobikrushanth M, Helguera IL, Behrouzi A, Colazo MG.2020. Relationships between Early Postpartum Nutritional and Metabolic Profiles and Subsequent Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows. Theriogenology. 151: 52–57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03
Macmillan, K. L; S. MacDougall; V. K. Taufa and A. M. Day. 1994. Ovulation and oestrus among dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus following progesterone pre- treatment. Proc Ansí. Soc. reprod. Biol. 26; 74,
Meléndeza, P, Bartolomé J. 2017. Advances on nutrition and fertility in dairy cattle: Review. Revistas Mexicanas de ciencias pecuarias. 8(4): 407-417 https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v8i4.416013.
Narayana, U.V.S; Prasad, B Chandra Prasad, M Srinivas, S Radhika, G Venkata Naidu and AK Basha. 2025. Postpartum anoestrus in dairy cattle and its management: RevieW International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry 10(2): 184-190
Orihuela, A. G and Galina, C.S .2019. Effects of Separation of Cows and Calves on Reproductive Performance and Animal Welfare in Tropical Beef Cattle.Animals 2019, 9(5), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050223,
Pedroso R, Roller F. 2024. Métodos biotécnicos y manejo reproductivo para mejorar la fertilidad y eficacia de las técnicas de reproducción asistida del ganado bovino en clima tropical. Editorial, CIMAGT. ISBN.978-959-7198-22-2. CUBA, 2021
Rhodes ,FM Burke,CFM;R,, B, A, M.L; K L Macmillan. Effect of treatment Roche J.R, Meier, S, Heiser, A, Mitchel, M. D, Walker C,G, Crookenden M. A.2015. Effects of precalving body condition score and prepartum feeding level on production, reproduction, and health parameters in pasture-based transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015; 98(10): 7164- 7182
Rhodes, F.; C. R. Burke; B. A. Clark; M. L. Day and K. L. Macmillan. 2002.Effect of treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate on ovarian follicle turnover in postpartum anoestrus cows and cows which have resumend oestrus cycles . Anim. Reprod. Sci. 69: 139-150,
Roller, R y Pedroso R. 2015. Comparación de dos procedimientos para la resincronización del estro de vacas inseminadas, previamente tratadas por anestro .Revista la Técnica 14:50-55.
Severino Lendechy, V. H., Montiel Palacios, F., Ahuja Aguirre, C. C., Gómez de Lucio, H., Piñeiro Vázquez, A. T., Chay Canul, A. J. (2020). Effect of restricted suckling and feed supplementation on postpartum follicular development and ovarian activity in beef cows. Revista Bio Ciencias 7, e732. doi: https://doi.org
Seymour DJ, Cánovas A, Chud TCS, Cant J.P, Osborne V.R, Baes C. F,2021. Associations between feed efficiency and aspects of lactation curves in primiparous Holstein dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 104(8):9304-9315.
Short, R. E; R. A. Bellows R. B. Staigmiller J. G. Berardinelli; E. E. Custer. 1990. Physiological mechanisms controlling and infertility in post-partum beef catlle. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 799-816,
Smith, J and K. A. Becker. 1994. The reproductivo status of your dairy herd . proc. Cooperativo’extensión Service. College of Agricultura and home economic . Las cruces , N. M. Guide D-302, ppl-4,
Systat. 6. 0. for Windows.1996. Statistics . SPPS. Inc. North Michigan . Chicago. USA.
Thatcher W. W, Santos J., Silvestre F. T, Sim IH, Staples C. R.2010. Perspective on physiological/Endocrine and Nutritional Factors Influencing Fertility in Post-partum Dairy Cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 45(3): 2-14 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01664.x
United Nations. 2022. World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3. United Nations; Geneva, Switzerland: 2022. [Google Scholar]Thornton P.K.2010. Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365:2853–2867. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Wiltbank MC, Gümen A, Sartori R. 2002. Physiological classification of anovulatory conditions in cattle. Theriogenology. 57(1):21–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(01)00656-2.
Yavas, Y. and J.S. Walton. Induction of ovulation in postpartum suckled beef cows: A review. Theriogenology 54:1-23, 2000b.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Youl Brigner Castro Rodríguez, Felicia Roller Gutiérrez, Marina Dalila Zambrano Aguayo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the moral and patrimonial rights of their works. They only give to the magazine Tesla Revista Científica the right to the first publication of this. Since Tesla Revista Científica is an open access publication, readers can fully or partially reproduce its content as long as they properly credit the corresponding authors and the journal itself. Tesla Revista Científica undertakes not to make commercial use of the texts it receives and/or publishes.
Our journal is governed by the international policies SHERPA/RoMEO: Green journal: They allow the self-archiving of both the pre-print (draft of a paper) and the post-print (the version corrected and reviewed by peers) and even the final version ( layout as it will be published in the journal).
See also "Copyright and licences".
